[arXiv:2511.11343] Global symmetries: locality, unitarity, and regularity
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H=H1⊗H2⊗⋯⊗HN\mathcal{H} = \mathcal{H}_1 \otimes \mathcal{H}_2 \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathcal{H}_N H=H1⊗H2⊗⋯⊗HN
U(g)=U1(g)⊗U2(g)⊗⋯⊗UN(g)U(g) = U_1(g) \otimes U_2(g) \otimes \cdots \otimes U_N(g) U(g)=U1(g)⊗U2(g)⊗⋯⊗UN(g)
H=H0⊗H0⊗⋯⊗H0\mathcal{H} = \mathcal{H}_0 \otimes \mathcal{H}_0 \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathcal{H}_0 H=H0⊗H0⊗⋯⊗H0
H≅⨁αmα(N)R(α)\mathcal{H} \cong \bigoplus_\alpha m_\alpha(N) \mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)} H≅α⨁mα(N)R(α)
mα=1∣G∣∑gχR(α)(g)‾χH(g)m_\alpha = \frac{1}{|G|}\sum_{g} \overline{\chi_{\mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)}}(g)} \chi_\mathcal{H}(g) mα=∣G∣1g∑χR(α)(g)χH(g)
χH(g)=(χH0(g))N\chi_\mathcal{H}(g) = \left(\chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(g)\right)^N χH(g)=(χH0(g))N
mα(N)= 1∣G∣∑gχR(α)(g)‾(χH0(g))N= 1∣G∣(χH0(e)NχR(α)(e)‾+∑g≠eχR(α)(g)‾(χH0(g))N)\begin{align*} m_\alpha(N) = & \ \frac{1}{|G|}\sum_{g} \overline{\chi_{\mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)}}(g)} \left(\chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(g)\right)^N\\ = & \ \frac{1}{|G|} \bigg( \chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(e)^N \overline{\chi_{\mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)}}(e)} + \sum_{g \neq e} \overline{\chi_{\mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)}}(g)} \left(\chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(g)\right)^N \bigg) \end{align*} mα(N)== ∣G∣1g∑χR(α)(g)(χH0(g))N ∣G∣1(χH0(e)NχR(α)(e)+g=e∑χR(α)(g)(χH0(g))N)
定理:∣χR(g)∣≤∣χR(e)∣|\chi_{\mathcal{R}}(g)| \le |\chi_{\mathcal{R}}(e)|∣χR(g)∣≤∣χR(e)∣ for all g≠eg \neq eg=e
说明
∣χR(g)∣=∣∑iλi∣≤∑i∣λi∣=dimR=χR(e)|\chi_{\mathcal{R}}(g)| = \left|\sum_i \lambda_i\right| \leq \sum_i |\lambda_i| = \dim\mathcal{R} = \chi_{\mathcal{R}}(e) ∣χR(g)∣=i∑λi≤i∑∣λi∣=dimR=χR(e)
χH0(e)NχR(α)(e)‾+∑g≠eχR(α)(g)‾(χH0(g))N\chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(e)^N \overline{\chi_{\mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)}}(e)} + \sum_{g \neq e} \overline{\chi_{\mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)}}(g)} \left(\chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(g)\right)^N χH0(e)NχR(α)(e)+g=e∑χR(α)(g)(χH0(g))N
定理: ∣χR(g)∣=∣χR(e)∣|\chi_{\mathcal{R}}(g)| = |\chi_{\mathcal{R}}(e)|∣χR(g)∣=∣χR(e)∣ 当且仅当 U(g)=λidU(g) = \lambda \operatorname{id}U(g)=λid
定理:所有满足 U(g)=λidU(g) = \lambda \operatorname{id}U(g)=λid 的 ggg 组成一个子群 K⊂GK \subset GK⊂G
U(g1g2)=U(g1)U(g2)=λ1λ2idU(g_1 g_2) = U(g_1) U(g_2) = \lambda_1 \lambda_2 \operatorname{id} U(g1g2)=U(g1)U(g2)=λ1λ2id
U(g−1)=U(g)−1=λ−1idU(g^{-1}) = U(g)^{-1} = \lambda^{-1} \operatorname{id} U(g−1)=U(g)−1=λ−1id
定理:KKK 是一个正规子群
U(hgh−1)=U(h)U(g)U(h)−1=λidU(h g h^{-1}) = U(h) U(g) U(h)^{-1} = \lambda \operatorname{id} U(hgh−1)=U(h)U(g)U(h)−1=λid
物理:对于 g∈Kg \in Kg∈K 对 H0\mathcal{H}_0H0 的作用可以看成是"平凡的",相当于 没有作用
因为对所有态都乘以复数 λ\lambdaλ
对 H0\mathcal{H}_0H0 有有效作用的是商群 G/KG/KG/K
下面只考虑 G′=G/KG' = G/KG′=G/K 在 H0\mathcal{H}_0H0 上作用所产生的表示
在 G/KG/KG/K 中,只有单位元 g=eg=eg=e 满足 ∣χH0(g)∣=∣χH0(e)∣|\chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(g)| = |\chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(e)|∣χH0(g)∣=∣χH0(e)∣,非单位元 g≠eg \neq eg=e 都满足严格不等式
∣χH0(g)∣<∣χH0(e)∣=dimH0|\chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(g)| < |\chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(e)| = \dim \mathcal{H}_0 ∣χH0(g)∣<∣χH0(e)∣=dimH0
mα(N)→1∣G∣χH0(e)NχR(α)(e)=(dimH0)N∣G∣dimR(α)m_\alpha(N) \to \frac{1}{|G|} \chi_{\mathcal{H}_0}(e)^N \chi_{\mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)}}(e) = \frac{(\dim \mathcal{H}_0)^N }{|G|}\dim \mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)} mα(N)→∣G∣1χH0(e)NχR(α)(e)=∣G∣(dimH0)NdimR(α)
H≅⨁α(dimH0)N∣G∣dim(R(α))R(α)\mathcal{H} \cong \bigoplus_\alpha \frac{(\dim \mathcal{H}_0)^N }{|G|} \dim (\mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)})\mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)} H≅α⨁∣G∣(dimH0)Ndim(R(α))R(α)
Rreg≅⨁α(dimR(α))R(α)\mathcal{R}_{\text{reg}} \cong \bigoplus_\alpha (\dim \mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)}) \mathcal{R}^{(\alpha)} Rreg≅α⨁(dimR(α))R(α)
H≅(dimH0)N∣G∣Rreg\mathcal{H} \cong \frac{(\dim \mathcal{H}_0)^N}{|G|}\mathcal{R}_{\text{reg}} H≅∣G∣(dimH0)NRreg
因为对所有态都乘以复数 λ